Sources

AI sources:
  • CS188 Artificial Intelligence (UC Berkeley course)

Computer Architecture sources:
  • CS61C Machine Structures and Computer Architecture (UC Berkeley course)

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Layers of Representation of Machine Structures

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Layers of representation (high to low level) High-level language program  high-level language - a programming language that uses English and mathematical symbols in its instructions (e.g. C)  High-level programming languages are abstractions to lower-level programming languages  compiler - turns high-level language problem into an assembly language program Assembly language program  assembly language - a low-level programming language for a computer in which there is a strong correspondence between the language and the architecture's machine code instructions (e.g. MIPS, x86, 32b ARM)  Assembly languages are abstractions of machine languages  Assembly code is human-readable version of computer's native machine code  There are different assembly languages for different CPUs following different ISAs (each assembly language is tied to a particular ISA)  assembler - turns assembly language program into machine language program ...
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Constraint Satisfaction Problems

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identification problem  - a problem in which the agent must identify whether it is a goal state or not, with no regards of how it arrives at that goal In identification problems, the goal itself it important, not the path of reaching the goal All paths have the same depth, which is the number of variables in the problem constraint satisfaction problem (CSP)  - an identification search problem in which each state must satisfy a number of constraints (limitations) in order to be a valid goal state In CSPs, states are partial assignments  of variables (i.e. some variables have been assigned values while others have not) constraint graph  - a graph whose nodes represent a CSP's variables and edges represent the constraints between the variables/nodes Components of a CSP variables - a set of $N$ variables ($X_1,...,X_N$) that can each take on a single value from the domain domain  - a set ${x_1,...,x_d}$ representing all possible values that a ...
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Where C Variables are Stored in Memory

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Memory sections stack - the portion of memory that stores variables that were declared inside functions (i.e. stores local variables and constants) local variables are freed when the function returns (these variables cannot be accessed once the function ends) Stack memory grows downward heap - the portion of memory that stores things that were created by malloc() Data on the heap persists across functions (unlike the local variables of stack memory) Heap memory grows upward static - the portion of memory that stores "pre-allocated" variables including static and global variables (variables declared outside functions), constants, and string literals  Two sections of static memory:  read-only (stores variables that can only be read and not modified) read-write (stores variables that can be both read and written to (modified)) Static memory does not grow or shrink code (text) - the portion of memory that stores the executable instructions and constants C...
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